There are two types of drugs used for this purpose: GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists. An agonist is a type of drug that stimulates a response; an antagonist is a type that blocks a response. While the mechanisms of action for the two drugs differ, they both work by suppressing the body’s production of various hormones that trigger egg development and ovulation. In this way, they down-regulate the physiological function of the ovaries.
Why Down-Regulation Is Used
Your ovaries contain thousands of follicles. Each follicle contains an immature egg, or oocyte. At the start of your cycle, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) trigger the maturation process in a group of competing follicles. As the follicles begin to grow in size, they will release other hormones to regulate the flow of LH and FSH—sometimes up, sometimes down—until ovulation finally occurs. Ovulation usually involves only one egg. After that egg is released, all other follicles in that group wither and die. With IVF, your doctor doesn’t want this to happen. Instead, the aim would be to down-regulate the response so that:
Long vs. Short IVF Protocol
You may have also heard the terms “long protocol” and “short protocol.” These describe two different approaches to down-regulation. As the names imply, the difference between these two approaches is the length of time down-regulation is imposed on the body.
Long Protocol
With the long protocol, down-regulation is started in the cycle before IVF treatment takes place. It may begin on day one or two of the cycle before, or it may not start until the mid-luteal phase, which is about one week post-ovulation (around day 21 of a 28-day cycle). Medications known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are used during a long protocol down-regulation, the most common one being Lupron. Birth control pills may also be taken the cycle or two before treatment as well. Also, because your hormones are being down-regulated over more days, you’re more likely to experience side effects over a longer period of time. That said, for many people, the long IVF protocol offers the best chances for IVF success. This makes the additional days of treatment, side effects, and increased cost possibly worthwhile.
Short Protocol
In the short protocol, down-regulation is achieved quickly and usually doesn’t start until the start of the IVF cycle itself. The medications used for this are GnRH antagonists like Antagon, Ganirelix, and Orgalutran. The short protocol may be better for those who are poor responders and might be better for those who are at higher risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Because you’re taking medications for a shorter period of time, this also means lower costs and fewer days of side effects. On the other hand, the short protocol may lead to fewer follicles (and therefore fewer embryos). There are also some concerns that GnRH antagonists come with an increased risk of birth defects, though the risk is still relatively small.
Drugs Used for Down-Regulation
There are a number of drugs used in IVF for down-regulation, and they are broadly characterized as follows:
GnRH agonists include such drugs as Lupron (leuprolide), Synarel (nafarelin), and Zoladex (goserelin). GnRH agonists mimic the naturally occurring hormone known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This is the hormone that triggers increased production of FSH and LH. By flooding the body with “fake” GnRH, the ovaries become increasingly overwhelmed and eventually shut down the production of LH and FSH after around three weeks. GnRH antagonists include the drugs Antagon (ganirelix) and Cetrotide (cetrorelix). GnRH antagonists work by binding to the receptor on GnRH and blocking its ability to receive signals of any sort. By doing so, the production of FSH and LH are shut down almost immediately.
After taking the GnRH drugs for several days or weeks, an ultrasound would be used to confirm that the uterine lining is thin and the eggs are ready to be harvested. Fertility drugs would then be administered to stimulate the ovaries, after which the eggs would be harvested under local anesthesia.
Alternate Techniques
While down-regulation is an effective means of desensitizing the ovaries during IVF, it doesn’t work well for all people. This is especially true in people with low ovarian reserves (a significantly decreased number of eggs). Because there would be far fewer follicles to work with, GnRH drugs can sometimes work too well. Rather than desensitizing the ovaries, they might end up canceling the cycle altogether. For these people, there are alternate techniques fertility specialists will use to achieve down-regulation, such as:
Adding additional hormones to the treatmentGiving GnRH drugs at lower doses or for fewer daysStarting and then stopping the GnRH injections at different stagesStarting birth control pills for a month prior to IVF and then skipping doses to temper the maturation and ovulation processStarting GnRH treatment much later than usual
During this time, the doctor will use blood tests and ultrasound to assess and better regulate follicular development.
A Word From Verywell
Down-regulation can help to increase success rates for many people undergoing IVF, but it still doesn’t work for everyone. Talk to your doctor to weigh your options and see if this might be a worthwhile procedure for your individual situation.
